{"id":9176,"date":"2016-06-17T15:30:03","date_gmt":"2016-06-17T15:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/automation-electric.com\/corectia-factorului-de-putere-2\/"},"modified":"2026-01-17T20:22:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T20:22:54","slug":"corectia-factorului-de-putere-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/automation-electric.com\/ro\/corectia-factorului-de-putere-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Corec\u021bia factorului de putere"},"content":{"rendered":"
Eficien\u021ba energetic\u0103 a fost, este \u0219i va fi unul dintre principalele subiecte de interes pentru societatea modern\u0103. \u00cen absolut orice industrie, indiferent de domeniul de activitate, fiecare companie \u00ee\u0219i propune, prin produsele pe care le vinde, s\u0103 consume mai pu\u021bin\u0103 energie \u0219i s\u0103 ofere performan\u021be mai ridicate. Factorul de putere este unul dintre acei factori care pot afecta serios eficien\u021ba energetic\u0103 \u00een diferite sisteme electrice, cu excep\u021bia cazului \u00een care se iau m\u0103suri, a\u0219a cum vom vedea mai jos. <\/h6>\n
\u00cenainte de a trece la partea tehnic\u0103, voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 prezint o analogie, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 \u00een\u021belege\u021bi ce este de fapt factorul de putere. \u00cen micul nostru experiment, vom considera un c\u0103rucior care merge ca un tren pe calea ferat\u0103 \u0219i poate fi remorcat de o persoan\u0103 (Fig. 1). Dup\u0103 cum \u0219tim, indiferent de pozi\u021bia persoanei, c\u0103ruciorul nu \u00ee\u0219i va schimba direc\u021bia, bine\u00een\u021beles, excludem ideea c\u0103 c\u0103ruciorul sare de pe calea ferat\u0103. <\/h6>\n
\"desen1\"<\/a><\/h6>\n
fig. 1<\/h6>\n
Dac\u0103 persoana care remorcheaz\u0103 c\u0103ruciorul nu se afl\u0103 exact \u00een mijlocul \u0219inelor, \u00eentotdeauna \u00eentre pozi\u021bia personal\u0103 \u0219i direc\u021bia de deplasare a c\u0103ruciorului va exista un unghi, pe care \u00een fig. 1 l-am notat ca . Acum vom propune c\u00e2teva situa\u021bii posibile \u00een care pute\u021bi g\u0103si persoana, \u00een timp ce remorca\u021bi c\u0103ruciorul. <\/h6>\n
Situa\u021bia 1<\/strong>. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, consider\u0103m c\u0103 unghiul dintre pozi\u021bia persoanei care remorcheaz\u0103 c\u0103ruciorul \u0219i direc\u021bia sa de deplasare este foarte mare, tinde spre 90 de grade (Fig. 2). C\u00e2nd persoana \u00eencepe s\u0103 remorcheze c\u0103ruciorul, nu va fi deloc surprins\u0103 c\u0103 a \"desen2\"<\/a><\/h6>\n
fig.2<\/h6>\n
depus un efort serios, care va consuma suficient din energia sa, iar c\u0103ruciorul se va mi\u0219ca foarte pu\u021bin, chiar mai mult, c\u00e2nd unghiul este exact de 90 de grade, va consuma toat\u0103 energia pe care o de\u021bine, iar c\u0103ruciorul nu se va mi\u0219ca deloc. Dac\u0103 am fi instalat un contor de energie, acesta ar \u00eenregistra toat\u0103 energia consumat\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 mi\u0219carea c\u0103ruciorului este aproape de 0. <\/h6>\n
Situa\u021bia 2<\/strong>. Fiind \u00een situa\u021bia 1, persoana nu va accepta s\u0103 remorcheze c\u0103ruciorul \u00een astfel de condi\u021bii, complet nefavorabile pentru ea \u0219i, pas cu pas, se va deplasa u\u0219or spre centrul \u0219inelor, unde unghiul dintre pozi\u021bia sa \u0219i direc\u021bia c\u0103ruciorului tinde s\u0103 fie de zero grade (Fig. 3). Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce se apropie de centrul \u0219inei, \u00ee\u0219i va da seama c\u0103 <\/h6>\n
\"desen3\"<\/a><\/span><\/h6>\n
fig. 3<\/h6>\n
efortul se reflect\u0103 \u00een mi\u0219carea c\u0103ruciorului \u0219i, mai mult, c\u00e2nd unghiul devine zero, \u00ee\u0219i d\u0103 seama c\u0103 toat\u0103 energia consumat\u0103 pentru remorcarea c\u0103ruciorului se reflect\u0103 \u00een mi\u0219carea acestuia \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, va \u00eencerca s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie \u00een jurul valorii zero. De data aceasta, contorul nostru de energie \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 aceea\u0219i energie consumat\u0103, dar c\u0103ruciorul s-a mi\u0219cat a\u0219a cum era de a\u0219teptat.
\nSitua\u021bii similare se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een sistemele electrice care con\u021bin componente de circuit neliniare (bobine, condensatoare, diode, tranzistoare etc.), care sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een componente pasive (bobine, condensatoare) \u0219i componente active (diode, tranzistoare etc.). Vom discuta exclusiv despre componentele pasive, deoarece acestea sunt utilizate pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een diferite circuite electrice (ex. motoare electrice) \u0219i sunt mari consumatoare de energie.
\n\u00cen circuitele \u00een care tensiunea \u0219i curentul sunt alternative, \u00een func\u021bie de natura sarcinii, puterea poate fi definit\u0103 dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103: <\/h6>\n
– putere aparent\u0103 [VA]<\/h6>\n
– putere activ\u0103 [W]<\/h6>\n
– putere reactiv\u0103 [VAR]<\/h6>\n
acestea sunt ecua\u021biile de putere pentru alimentarea monofazat\u0103, \u00een cazul aliment\u0103rii trifazate avem:<\/h6>\n
– putere aparent\u0103 [VA]<\/h6>\n
– putere activ\u0103 [W]<\/h6>\n
– putere reactiv\u0103[VAR]<\/h6>\n
Dac\u0103 calcul\u0103m raportul dintre puterea activ\u0103 \u0219i puterea aparent\u0103, ob\u021binem factorul de putere:<\/strong><\/h6>\n
<\/strong>Acum, dac\u0103 arunca\u021bi o privire la situa\u021bia cu c\u0103ruciorul, vedem foarte clar c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd unghiul a fost aproape de 90 de grade, am consumat o cantitate de energie, dar mi\u0219carea a fost foarte mic\u0103, sau chiar zero c\u00e2nd = , acest lucru produce un factor de putere cos foarte mic sau chiar zero dac\u0103 unghiul atinge 90 de grade, dup\u0103 aceea, \u00een situa\u021bia 2, unghiul a sc\u0103zut \u0219i a tins spre grade, consumul de energie s-a reflectat \u00een mi\u0219carea c\u0103ruciorului = , produce un factor de putere cos = 1, pe scurt, am cheltuit aceea\u0219i energie ca \u00een cazul precedent, dar c\u0103ruciorul s-a mi\u0219cat mult mai mult. Deci, \u00een concluzie, pentru a fi c\u00e2t mai eficien\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te consumul de energie, trebuie s\u0103 g\u0103sim solu\u021bii pentru a men\u021bine acest unghi c\u00e2t mai aproape grade, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 un factor de putere cos care este mai aproape de 1. Acest factor de putere este puternic influen\u021bat de prezen\u021ba elementelor de circuit reactive, condensatoare \u0219i bobine, care sunt principalii “vinova\u021bi” pentru care valoarea este diferit\u0103 de 1. Bobina este lider \u00een acest top, deoarece este prezent\u0103 \u00een construc\u021bia motoarelor electrice, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, \u00een majoritatea cazurilor, trebuie s\u0103 corect\u0103m un factor de putere inductiv. Dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m pur \u0219i simplu la rela\u021biile matematice ale celor trei puteri, vedem c\u0103 exist\u0103 urm\u0103toarea egalitate, care este, de asemenea, cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de triunghiul puterii: <\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
Cele dou\u0103 componente ale circuitului (bobina \u0219i condensatorul) se comport\u0103 diferit, dar ambele introduc o deplasare de faz\u0103 de 90 de grade \u00eentre tensiune \u0219i curent, tensiunea de la bornele condensatorului este \u00een urma curentului cu 90 de grade, iar curentul electric prin bobin\u0103 fiind \u00een urma tensiunii cu 90 de grade, ceea ce este foarte util \u00een cazul nostru dac\u0103 dorim s\u0103 corect\u0103m un factor de putere inductiv vom introduce un condensator \u0219i similar pentru un factor de putere capacitiv vom introduce o bobin\u0103 (fig. 4).<\/h6>\n
\"desen4\"<\/a><\/h6>\n
fig. 4<\/h6>\n
De fapt, aplicarea unei corec\u021bii a factorului de putere \u00eenseamn\u0103 a “for\u021ba” cele dou\u0103 m\u0103rimi alternative, tensiunea \u0219i curentul, s\u0103 oscileze \u00een faz\u0103, deplasarea de faz\u0103 dintre ele s\u0103 fie zero sau foarte aproape de zero.<\/h6>\n
Exemplu de calcul<\/strong><\/h6>\n
Dup\u0103 cum am men\u021bionat deja, \u00een majoritatea cazurilor trebuie s\u0103 corect\u0103m un factor de putere inductiv care este creat de bobine, cel mai comun exemplu fiind motoarele electrice. De obicei, pe pl\u0103cu\u021ba de identificare dat\u0103 de produc\u0103tor, acest factor de putere este marcat cu valori \u00eentre (0,6-0,9), \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte date referitoare la motor. A\u0219adar, s\u0103 lu\u0103m de exemplu un motor electric asincron cu o putere activ\u0103 de 30 kW<\/strong> alimentat la o tensiune de 400 de vol\u021bi<\/strong> la o frecven\u021b\u0103 de 50 Hz<\/strong> \u0219i un factor de putere cos = 0,8<\/strong>. Dup\u0103 cum am afirmat deja mai sus, fiind o corec\u021bie a factorului de putere inductiv, va trebui s\u0103 introducem \u00een circuit un condensator pentru a aduce valoarea lui cos mai aproape de 1. Pentru aceasta trebuie s\u0103 g\u0103sim puterea reactiv\u0103 \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, care este valoarea condensatorului care trebuie introdus \u00een circuitul motorului. Puterea reactiv\u0103 poate fi dedus\u0103 din rela\u021bia triunghiului puterii: <\/h6>\n
P\u00e2n\u0103 acum, \u00een aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie nu cunoa\u0219tem valoarea puterii aparente, dar o putem deduce foarte simplu din puterea activ\u0103:<\/h6>\n

\nAstfel, puterea aparent\u0103 este:<\/h6>\n

\n\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, puterea reactiv\u0103 este:<\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
\u00cen concluzie, va fi necesar s\u0103 introducem \u00een circuitul motorului, \u00een paralel cu acesta, un condensator, care s\u0103 produc\u0103 echivalentul a 22,5 [kvar] putere reactiv\u0103 capacitiv\u0103. Cum se g\u0103se\u0219te valoarea condensatorului? Ei bine, destul de simplu, dac\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la ecua\u021bia puterii reactive \u0219i o rescriem \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 form\u0103, avem urm\u0103toarea formul\u0103 de echivalen\u021b\u0103: <\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
Dup\u0103 cum se vede \u00een ecua\u021bia de mai sus, am introdus un nou termen [] numit reactan\u021b\u0103 electric\u0103 – care poate fi, reactan\u021b\u0103 inductiv\u0103 pentru bobine \u0219i reactan\u021b\u0103 capacitiv\u0103 pentru condensatoare. Ecua\u021biile celor dou\u0103 reactan\u021be sunt urm\u0103toarele: <\/h6>\n
reactan\u021b\u0103 inductiv\u0103: <\/h6>\n
reactan\u021b\u0103 capacitiv\u0103:<\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
unde:<\/h6>\n
– vitez\u0103 unghiular\u0103 [rad\/s]<\/h6>\n
L- inductan\u021ba bobinei [henry]<\/h6>\n
C- capacitatea condensatorului [F]<\/h6>\n
f- frecven\u021ba [Hz]<\/h6>\n
\u00cen cazul nostru, suntem interesa\u021bi de reactan\u021ba capacitiv\u0103 pentru a o introduce \u00een ecua\u021bia puterii reactive, pentru a deduce valoarea condensatorului:<\/h6>\n
Din:<\/h6>\n
ob\u021binem valoarea condensatorului:<\/h6>\n
Valoarea pentru sin va fi egal\u0103 cu 1, deoarece, dup\u0103 cum am men\u021bionat mai sus, indiferent de elementul de circuit introdus, bobina sau condensatorul, acesta va introduce o deplasare de faz\u0103 \u00eentre tensiune \u0219i curent de 90 de grade. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, dup\u0103 calcule simple, s-a ob\u021binut: <\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n
Trebuie s\u0103 select\u0103m o valoare c\u00e2t mai apropiat\u0103 de valoarea calculat\u0103, dac\u0103 exist\u0103, sau trebuie montate mai multe condensatoare \u00een paralel p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd ob\u021bine\u021bi o valoare mai apropiat\u0103.<\/h6>\n
Tehnologia a depus cereri \u0219i mai multe companii au dezvoltat controlere speciale pentru a men\u021bine factorul de putere la un nivel mai apropiat de 1, \u00een special \u00een mediul industrial, unde exist\u0103 zeci sau sute de motoare, iar acest factor variaz\u0103 continuu \u00een func\u021bie de c\u00e2te motoare func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la un moment dat, iar un astfel de controler este foarte important. Func\u021bionarea acestor controlere este destul de simpl\u0103, un num\u0103r de valori diferite ale condensatoarelor vor fi instalate \u00eentr-un panou, iar controlerul va conecta sau deconecta tot timpul num\u0103rul necesar de condensatoare, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t valoarea factorului de putere s\u0103 fie men\u021binut\u0103 aproape de 1. <\/h6>\n
Un desen simplu despre cum s\u0103 conecta\u021bi aceste condensatoare la un motor este prezentat la \u00eenceputul acestui articol.<\/h6>\n
<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eficien\u021ba energetic\u0103 a fost, este \u0219i va fi unul dintre principalele subiecte de interes pentru societatea modern\u0103. \u00cen absolut orice industrie, indiferent de domeniul de activitate, fiecare companie \u00ee\u0219i propune,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[934],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corectia-factorului-de-putere"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCorec\u021bia factorului de putere | Automation-Electric<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}Corec\u021bia factorului de putere a motoarelor asincrone trifazate Corec\u021bia factorului de putere a motoarelor trifazate {:}\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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